Caplan-Fisher 20 条原则

The bedside can be your laboratory: study the patient seriously.

床旁可以成为你的实验室：认真的研究患者

Describe quantitatively and precisely.

准确和定量的描述。

Pay particular attention to the specifics of the patient with a known condition and diagnosis; it will help later when similar phenomena occur in an unknown case.

应特别注意确诊疾病和确诊患者的特别之处：对以后诊断不明的，当类似现象发生时有帮助。

The details of the case are important: their analysis distinguishes the expert from the journeyman.

病例的细节尤为重要：对细节的分析可以区分专家和普通人

Settle issues as they arise at the bedside.

在床旁解决问题。

The clinical course of a condition is often key to arriving at a diagnosis.

疾病的临床发展过程通常是诊断疾病的关键。

Resist the temptation to prematurely place a case into a diagnostic cubbyhole that fits poorly.

抵制过早将病例放到不合适诊断小孔中的诱惑。

Make hypotheses and then try as hard as you can to disprove them: find the exception before accepting a hypothesis as valid in arriving.

进行假设并尽最大努力反驳：在接受一个假设有效之前先找到例外。

At a clinical diagnosis, think of the 5 most common findings (historical, physical examination, or laboratory) found in a given disorder; if at least 3 of these 5 are absent in a given patient, the diagnosis is likely to be wrong.

做一个临床诊断时，请考虑该疾病5个最常见的发现（病史，体格检查，或实验室检查）；如果在一个患者里给定疾病的5个发现至少3个都不符合，那么诊断很可能是错误的。

Care of stroke and other patients is inherently simple.

卒中和其他患者的护理本来就很简单。

Collect and categorize phenomena: their mechanism and meaning may become clearer later if enough cases are gathered.

搜集和分类现象：当案例足够多的时候，他们的机制和意义可能会变得更加清晰。

Learn from your own past experiences and that of others (literature and experienced and respected colleagues).

向你过去的经历和其他人（文献，有经验和受人尊敬的同事）学习。

Be a good listener; even from the mouths of beginners may come wisdom.

做一个好的听众：即使是从初学者口中也可能传递智慧。

Fully accept what you have heard or read only when you have verified it yourselves.

你听到的和你所阅读的需在你验证之后方才可完全接受

Always be working on one or more projects: it will make the daily routine more meaningful.

始终在一个或多个项目上工作：这样将会使日常工作更有意义

Didactic talks benefit most the lecturer: we teach others best by listening, questioning, and demonstrating.

演讲使讲者受益最大：我们通过倾听、提问和展示赖最好的传授别人

Remain an eternal and eager student.

保持做一个持之以恒和饥渴的学生

Write often and carefully; let others gain from your work and ideas.

经常认真地写；让他人从您的工作和想法中受益

Maintain a lively interest in patients as people.

保持生动的兴趣在患者身上（是人，而非疾病）